در آینده مجموعه لغات مربوط به محیط زیست که در خبر ها و متون علمی بیشترین فراوانی را دارند  بر اساس لیست زیر در وبلاگ قرار خواهد گرفت.

1-      Forestry

2-      Inland Waters

3-      Hills and Mountains

4-      Deserts and Prairies and Wildernesses

5-      Environmental Issues

6-      The Countryside

7-      The air, Land and Wetland

8-      Soil

Hill and mountains

brow :noun [S]نوک

the top part of a hill or the edge of something high such as a cliff or rock:

the brow of the hill: SUMMIT, peak, top, crest, crown, head, pinnacle, apex.

cliff : noun [C] صخره

a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast:

Keep away from the edge of the cliff - you might fall.

the cliff edge

crag : noun [C]پرتگاه، تخته سنگ بلند

a high rough mass of rock which sticks out from the land around it.

Rough: not smooth

elevation : noun FORMAL[C]بلندی ، تپه

a hill:

The flagpole stands on a small elevation in front of the building.

escarpment :noun [C] پرتگاه يا شيب تندى که توسط عوامل طبيعى به وجود امده است

a steep slope or cliff, such as one which marks the edge of a range of hills.

foothill :noun [C usually plural]دامنه کوه

a low mountain or low hill at the bottom of a larger mountain or range of mountains:

the foothills of the Pyrenees.

heights :plural noun ارتفاعات، بلندی

high places, or the top of hills:

Don't go up the tower if you're afraid of heights.

Machine guns were mounted along the heights behind the town.

he is terrified of heights: high ground; precipices, cliffs.

highlands: plural noun مناطق مرتفع، کوهستانی

a mountainous area of a country:

Most villages in the highlands are now connected by roads.

1) hill :noun [C] تپه

an area of land that is higher than the surrounding land:

Hills are not as high as mountains.

Their house is on the top of a hill.

In the summer, the shepherds move their sheep up into the hills (= an area where there are hills).

2) hill :noun [C] شیب جاده

a slope in a road:

That hill's far too steep to cycle up.

hilly :adjective پر از تپه، ناهموار

having a lot of hills:

hilly countryside

a hilly area

hillock : noun [C] تپه کوچک ،برآمدگى در سطح صاف

a small hill

hillside : noun [C] سرازيرى تپه ،دامنه کوه

the sloping surface of a hill, rather than the level surface at the top of it.

hilltop : noun [C] بالای تپه ،نوک

the top part of a hill, rather than its sloping sides.

hummock :noun [C] LITERARY پشته، برآمدگی

a very small hill or raised part of the ground:

a grassy hummock.

incline :noun [C] FORMAL شیب

a slope:

a steep/gentle incline

knoll :noun [C] نوک تپه،ماهور

a small low hill with a rounded top:

a grassy knoll

lee : noun [S] سمتی از تپه یا...که از باد در پناه است

the side of hill, wall, etc. that provides shelter from the wind

mound :noun [C] توده بزرگ از زمین، سنگ ، یرآمدگی شبیه تپه

a large pile of earth, stones etc. like a small hill:

a burial mound (= a place where people were buried in ancient times)

a mound on a grave توده خاک بر روى گور

Mount (MOUNTAIN) :noun (WRITTEN ABBREVIATION Mt) کوه

used as part of the name of a mountain:

Mount Everest

Mount Hood

mountain :noun [C] کوه

a raised part of the Earth's surface, much larger than a hill, the top of which might be covered in snow:

The Matterhorn is one of the biggest mountains in Europe.

The Rockies are a mountain chain/range in the western USA.

I'd love to go mountain-climbing.

We're going to the mountains (= an area where there are mountains) for our holiday.

mountainside :noun [C usually singular]دامنه

the side or slope of a mountain:

Can you see those goats high up on the mountainside?

mountaintop :noun [C] قله

the top of a mountain

See also peak (MOUNTAIN TOP); summit (HIGHEST POINT).

Mt : noun کوه

WRITTEN ABBREVIATION FOR Mount or mountain:

Mt Everest

palisades :plural noun US یا دریا  صخره ء مشرف بر رودخانه

a line of cliffs by the sea or a river

pass (PATH): noun [C]معبر ، مسیر و جاده کوهستانی

a path or road between or over mountains:

a mountain pass

peak (MOUNTAIN TOP) :noun [C] قله

the pointed top of a mountain, or the mountain itself:

It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb.

plateau :noun [C] plural UK plateaux or US ALSO plateaus فلات

a large flat area of land that is high above sea level

precipice :noun [C] پرتگاه

a very steep side of a cliff or a mountain:

The film opens with a shot of a climber dangling from a precipice.

dangling :HANGING

precipitous :adjective پر شیب

If a slope is precipitous, it is very steep:

a precipitous mountain path

range (SET): noun [C] رشته کوه

a group of hills or mountains:

a mountain range

the Pennine Range

We could see a low range of hills in the distance.

rise :noun [C] تپه کوچک، شیب کم

a small hill or slope:

The castle is built on a slight rise above the town.

the ground rose gently: SLOPE UPWARDS, go uphill, incline, climb.

rock face :noun [C]

an area of vertical surface on a large rock or mountain:

The path down to the beach was a precarious one, tiny steps hewn out of the sheer rock face.

rolling (HILL) :adjective [before noun]

(of hills) gently rising and falling:

The train journey took us through a valley past rolling hills.

sand dune :noun [C] تپه ایکه ازماسه بادی تشکیل شده باشد

a hill of sand made by the wind on the coast or in a desert

scree :noun [C or U] SPECIALIZED سنگ ریزه ، منطقه ای از کوه که توسط سنگ ریزه پوشانده شده

(an area on the side of a mountain covered with) large loose broken stones

sheer (STEEP) :adjective شیب عمودی

extremely steep; almost vertical:

a sheer mountain side

a sheer drop of 100 metres

shelf :noun [C] plural shelves SPECIALIZED فلات قاره، سحطی صاف بر روی صخره

a flat area of rock under water or on a cliff

sierra :noun [C] رشته کوه هایی با شیب تند

a range of steep mountains, especially in North and South America and Spain

slagheap :noun [C] MAINLY UK تپه ای که از مواد زائد معدن بوجود آمده

a hill made from the waste material from a mine

slope :noun [C] شیب، دامنه شیب دار

(part of) the side of a hill or mountain:

a ski/mountain slope

Snow had settled on some of the higher slopes.

There's a very steep slope just before you reach the top of the mountain.

There are some nice gentle (= not steep) slopes that we can ski down.

snow-capped: adjective     دارای قله پوشیده از برف  

Snow-capped mountains and hills have snow on the top of them.

snowline :noun ارتفاع یا منطقه ای که همیشه پوشیده از برف است

the snowline the level on a mountain above which snow is found for most or all of the year:

above/below the snowline

spur (MOUNTAIN) :noun [C] کوه

a high piece of land which sticks out from a mountain or a group of mountains

steep (NOT GRADUAL) :adjective سرازیزی،شیب

(of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle:

a steep slope

It's a steep climb to the top of the mountain, but the view is worth it.

The castle is set on a steep hill/hillside.

steeply :adverb به طور شیب دار

The beach slopes steeply down to the sea.

The value of the land has risen steeply.

summit (HIGHEST POINT) :noun [C] قله

the highest point of a mountain:

On this day in 1784, Dr Michel Paccard and Jacques Balmat reached the summit of Mont Blanc.

undulating :adjective FORMAL مواج

describing or having small hills and slopes that look like waves:

undulating roads

I love the gently undulating hills of the Dales.

upland :adjective زمین مرتفع دور از دریا

describes an area of land that is situated high up, such as on a hill or mountain:

The whole plateau comprises one vast upland plain.

Plateau:فلات

Comprise:شامل بودن

Vast:وسیع

Plain:هموار، مسطح

volcano :noun [C] plural volcanoes or volcanos آتشفشان

a mountain with a large circular hole at the top through which lava (= hot liquid rock), gases, steam and dust are or have been forced out:

an extinct/dormant volcano

an active volcano

Erupting volcanoes discharge massive quantities of dust into the stratosphere.

volcanic :adjective آتشفشانی

volcanic ash/activity/rock

Ash: خاکستر آتشفشان

watershed :(HIGH GROUND) noun [C] SPECIALIZED آبخیز

an area of high ground from which water flows down to a river